10 Facts About Troodon, a Dinosaur of the Cretaceous Period

Courage Essay - 1010 Words

Courage is a necessity to overcome fears and achieve a desired goal. Fear is something that exists in all of us. There is no hero or any particular courageous figure that is without fear. Being fearless is not required to be courageous, one simply has to look past or overcome their fears to possess this great quality. When overcoming fears and going against the norm, there are always risks involved. There are different types of risks that come about. Someone could risk life or limb, while others risk their reputation. Either risk is serious enough that a person must have courage to endure that particular risk. Courage can occur anytime, anywhere, and often in our everyday lives. Everyone will experience courage no matter how young,†¦show more content†¦The agent told me to be sure and keep my people away, as they were very poorly dressed. I did not do as I was told.(298) Even though it took some time, she eventually overcame her fear and her feelings of inferiority and stood up to Father Wilbur and the other white men. There are many risks involved when a person comes in contact with courage. A persons peers or the people close to them can be highly judgmental, especially if what you are doing clashes with common beliefs or behaviors. This stands very true when looking at the life of Martin Luther King Jr. His peers were not only the African American population, but also white upper-class clergymen. In the first line of Martin Luther King Juniors letter to the clergymen he states that he is confined here in the Birmingham City Jail.(303) Dr. King took a great risk of being judged, solely by writing a letter to his peers. He knew that the clergymen already had their own ideas about him, but he took an even bigger risk by writing them from his jail cell. Another major risk that people take while being courageous is risking their life for the lives of others. In And the Band Played On, Randy Shilts tells the story of a young female doc tor, Grethe Rask, who risked her life because she worked in a clinic that didnt even provide the Â…basics [such] as sterile rubber gloves or disposable needles.(330) He goes on to describe even more horrifying details aboutShow MoreRelatedCourage, Courage And Courage1443 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"You gain strength, courage, and confidence by every experience in which you really stop to look fear in the face. You are able to say to yourself, I lived through this horror. I can take the next thing that comes along † (Eleanor Roosevelt). It takes courage to live a life that one truly wants to live. One must be brave and strong enough to pursue this courage and then apply that to their everyday life. The definition of courage is, â€Å"mental or moral strength to venture, persevere, and withstandRead MoreThe Courage to Free a Mockingbird700 Words   |  3 Pages The Courage to Free a Mockingbird There are no songs being sung by the mockingbird the day Atticus Finch shoots and kills the mad dog as his neighbors hide inside their homes in fear. It is by the same token that the silence teaches Atticus’s children their first lesson of courage in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. In the eyes of Atticus courage is found in a man’s moral values and not something proven with the use of a gun for he finds no reason to brag of his actions. He showsRead MoreCourage And Its Three Factors727 Words   |  3 Pagesof fortitude. This definition does not go deep enough. Fortitude is having the courage, bravery, and strength to face the pain, suffering, and problems that we go through during the course of our lives. Courage is one of the key factors of fortitude. It is defined as the â€Å"quality of mind that enables a person to face the difficulty, danger, pain, etc., without fear† at thefreedictionary.com. In other words courage is a state of mind that allows people to be able to face extremely difficult thingsRead MorePersepolis and Courage Essay653 Words   |  3 Pages Persepolis and Courage Marjane Satrapi’s memoir Persepolis is considered a â€Å"coming of age† story based on her experiences growing up in Iran during the Islamic Revolution. This graphic novel explores the life she lead in Tehran which encompassed the overthrow of the Shah’s regime, the triumph of the Islamic Revolution and the devastating effects of war with Iraq. Undergoing life with such a chaotic environment, it took Satrapi courage to act and live as her â€Å"authentic self† and explore whatRead MoreAristotle on Courage Essay1081 Words   |  5 PagesWizard of Oz, the Cowardly Lion is on a quest for the wizard to give him courage. He is afraid of everything and anything. However, in Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle believes that courage is possible for all individuals. To gain courage one must have the inner qualities that will guide the courageous. The most important part of these qualities is to come to terms with death itself. Also, there are views o f courage that are falsely perceived because they appear to be parallel with one another;Read MoreImportance Of Courage Essay1353 Words   |  6 PagesThe importance of courage Courage can be ordered as physical, social, moral, and inventive. Physical bravery, for instance, can be shown by firefighters. Fire fighters chance substantial damage and perhaps their lives to spare someone else in risk. Social bravery is important to fabricate solid connections and helps support certainty when working with people in general. Social strength can regularly be perceived in a secondary school environment. Building up an association with an understudy thatRead MoreThe Red Badge of Courage600 Words   |  3 PagesIn The Red Badge of Courage, readers are able to picture Henry, the main character, because of the descriptive details. Although the readers are given more information about him mentally, they are still given small details about his physical characteristics. Throughout the entire story, Henry is on a roller coaster dealing with his maturity. He is forced to mature rather quickly and because of his age he has to face many battles within himself. In The Red Badge of Courage, readers are not givenRead MoreThe Red Badge Of Courage1797 Words   |  8 PagesAnalysis of The Red Badge of Courage: Idealization of War Homer once said, Beware the toils of war ... the mesh of the huge dragnet sweeping up the world (War Quotes III). This quote, taken from Homer s famous work, the Iliad, demonstrates the idea that war can be seen in a skewed fashion. Realistic mindsets are the key for soldiers in understanding the truth about war. War is often idealized and viewed in an unrealistic light based on heroic stories and courageous stories of battle. The classicRead MoreEssay on The Red Badge of Courage1496 Words   |  6 PagesThe Red Badge of Courage The Red Badge of Courage, by Steven Crane, has been considered one of the greatest war novels of all time. It is a story that realistically depicts the American Civil War through the eyes of Henry Fleming, an ordinary farm boy who decides to become a soldier. Henry is very determined to become a hero, and the story tells Henrys voyage from being a young coward to becoming a brave man. This voyage is the classic trip from innocence to experience. To begin, the storyRead MoreThe Importance Of Courage In Twelfth Night1982 Words   |  8 Pages Courage is a virtue which belongs to everyone, it just takes a grim environment to induce feelings and actions in relation to it. Courage is the potential to undertake a grueling situation and transform it into a virtuous circumstance, which otherwise could have lead to one’s dismay. Furthermore, courage is greatly demonstrated and integrated into several of the texts, plays, and academic compositions analyzed and evaluated throughout the duration of the semester. Three of the several texts that

Russian Economy in the Aftermath of the Collapse of the Soviet Union Free Essays

string(73) " the conflict lessened in 2015, but the outcome still remains uncertain\." After the Soviet Union came to an end, politics and economics became closely intertwined within Russia. President Boris Yeltsin, his democratic supported, and his economic ministers wanted to prevent communism from returning and worked fix the unstable economy. In January 1992, Russia wished for liberalization. We will write a custom essay sample on Russian Economy in the Aftermath of the Collapse of the Soviet Union or any similar topic only for you Order Now In order to achieve liberalization, the Russians completely abolished controls over price in most consumer goods and privatized thousands of mines and factories. Yeltsin believed that â€Å"shock therapy† would bring back widespread production prosperity, but his plan failed as prices increased by 250% on the first day, and production fell by 20%. Most estimates state that Russia produced ? to  ½ less output in 1996 than in 1991, and in 1998 the Russian economy crashed again due to the emergence of Asia’s financial crisis. There were many reasons why rapid economic growth failed in Russia. Soviet industry was highly tilted towards military goods, many large factories were privatized, High inflation and poorly executed privatization gave the elite Oligarchs more wealth and power, while large numbers of people fell into poverty. Over the next years, Yeltsin increasingly became more unpopular as the majority of people sold their belongings just survive and found their savings to be worthless. Only with support form, the Oligarchs helped to keep Yeltsin in power. In the following years, Vladimir Putin became popular and was elected as president in 2000, and re-elected in March 2004. Putin maintained relatively liberal economic policies but re-established semi-authoritarian rule in Russia. His system was named an imitation democracy by critics because his government appeared to be democratic and masked the underlying authoritarian rule. Putin argued that his plans were meant to prevent chaos and corruption. Vladimir then combined strict politics with economic reform by restricting excesses of the Oligarchs, reducing corporate/business taxes, and improving the exports of oil and natural gas, all of which encouraged the growth of the middle class. However, in 2008 the decreased price of oil caused the Russian stock market collapse until it stabilized in 2010. Although Putin’s reformed improved the living condition standards, Putin downplayed Stalin’s actions and praised the Soviet’s accomplishments, ultimately creating Russian patriotism. Putin aggressively opposed the expansion NATO and the Commonwealth of the Independent States, but the government’s crackdown on independent media of using pro-government businessmen, caused the west to worry that Russia was returning to Soviet standards. Putin stepped down when his term expired in 2008, and he handed over his position as president to Dmitry Medvedev who picked Putin to be the prime minister. Putin later won the presidential election in March 2012 with over 60% of the vote and reinforced the Russian system of authoritarian central control. Developments and change in the East bloc countries were similar in Russia as they worked to replace socialism with market mechanisms and private property. Central planners created distribution goals and also set price controls, for the East bloc countries were adopting market-based economic systems, and looked for ways to privatize industries, farms, and businesses. Poland’s leaders returned â€Å"shock therapy† which dramatically transformed their economies. Although Poland’s return to shock therapy created high inflation and lowered living standards that brought out strikes and protests among the general public, Poland had the West’s financial support, and by the end of the decade, had one of the strongest economies in the East Bloc. inequalities between different groups in the East bloc, the young and old, and of the rich and poor increased all over, as well as crime, corruption, and gangs on the streets. Many people also wanted to return to the stability communism as it provided guaranteed jobs and social benefits to the people in the soviet union. On the other hand, tragedy swept across Yugoslavia after getting rid of communism. Many revolutions and protests began to break up Yugoslavia. Serbian president, Slobodan Milosevic, a former Communist official who centralized Serbian control, declared their independence and ordered the Yugoslavian army to invade both Slovenia and Croatia to prove Serbian control. They were ultimately forced to back out of Slovenia but managed to take 30% of Croatia. The civil war then spread to Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1992. Because many people did not want to live with or near Bosnian Muslims, the goal of â€Å"ethnic cleansing† was set. The Yugoslavian army also attempted to â€Å"cleanse† the areas of all non-Serbs, and even before the fighting in Bosnia ended, 300,000 people were dead and millions were forced out of their homes. In 1995, US president Bill Clinton helped create an accord that gave Bosnian Serbs 49% of Bosnia and gave Bosniaks the rest. Because Milosevic refused to remove militia from Kosovo, NATO began bombing Serbia in 1999. Serbia, therefore, deported 865,000 Kosovarans, but NATO eventually forced him to withdraw and allow the Kosovars to regain their homeland. NATO and the UN ended the 10-year Yugoslavian civil war, and Milosevic was later voted out of office, was put on trial in the Netherlands, and then died in 2006. In 2008, Kosovo declared its independence from Serbia, which only the US and the European Union recognized, while Serbia and Russia did not. Along with the collapse of Soviet Union, fourteen new independent republics were established and adopted part of liberal market capitalism. Color revolutions, such as the Rose revolution in Georgia that brought a pro-NATO, pro-Western leader to power, and the Orange revolution in Ukraine that expressed nationalist desires to be further distanced from Russia, also challenged Russian interests. Putin was aggressive when dealing with anti-Russian revolts, and in 2008, he ordered Russian troops to continually invade Chechnya, a small Muslim republic on the southern border of Russia. When revolutions broke out in Ukraine in 2014, Putin intervened the protests that were occurring in a valuable pro-Russian peninsula as armed rebels took over the capital and other cities within Ukraine and claimed â€Å"People’s Republics.† The U.S. and the European Union punished Russia and the conflict lessened in 2015, but the outcome still remains uncertain. You read "Russian Economy in the Aftermath of the Collapse of the Soviet Union" in category "Papers" The world also developed a new global system that eased barriers on international trade and allowed for more multinational corporations that escaped the control of politicians. A worldwide business model was exemplified by Conglomerates, and the growth of independent technology was accompanied by the growth of international trade. This allowed the economy to flow through international borders, but these close connections also made the world’s economy vulnerable to economic downturn. In 1997, a banking crisis starting in Thailand spread from one country to the next, and soon enough the whole world was in possibly the worst economic crisis since the great depression of the 1930s. Global economic pressures called for the expansion of European Union, which set financial criteria for all members of the EU and Monetary Union in the Maastricht Treaty, which created legal standards and anticipated the development of foreign affairs. Many people did not like the treaty, believing that it was undermining national customs and traditions and giving more power to the â€Å"Eurocrats.† Citizens also feared that joining the monetary union would call for budget cuts, but when voted on, the Treaty barely passed with 50.1% of the vote. Later in 2002, the euro became the new form of currency throughout Europe, and in 2004, the former East bloc members were included in the monetary union. The constitution that was rejected and replaced with the Treaty of Lisbon, which was similar to the old model but further encouraged the EU and its political structure, and marked the end of a 50-year effort to unify war-torn Europe that was finally united. The United Nation is consists of five permanent countries – the United States, Great Britain, China, Russia, and France – that can all veto resolutions. The World Bank and the International Monetary fund were made to rebuild Europe, but now instead they now offer loans to developing countries. The trio of nonprofit international financial institutions, the UN, the World Bank, and the Monetary Fund also began to gain power. World Trade Organization is one of the most powerful institutions, as it sets agreements on trade and the import/export of taxes over 150 countries, that helped manage a large percent of the worlds import-export policies. These institutions allowed for the emergence of nongovernmental organizations, and through the organizations are smaller and are financed through the government and private citizens, they still can leave a profound impact on the world and other organizations. The types of available jobs began to shift in western Europe and North America as many manufacturing jobs were beginning to disappear due to the many jobs that were leaning to a more modern service-oriented work rather than the previous industrial work. Deindustrialization in Europe also created an array of winners and losers within society, the winners being experts and professionals, and the losers being unskilled and unemployed. This inequality in jobs was often linked to race, ethnicity, and education opportunities, as new immigrants, young black men, and youths found it difficult to find a job. Geography also exemplified the unequal parts of globalization, as regions that successfully shifted to a post-industrial society (Northern Italy, Southern Germany, Austria) enjoyed prosperity, while regions that relied on heavy industry were lagging behind (East Bloc, Southern Italy, Spain, Greece). The protesters who marched during the meeting of the WTO in Washington, inspired the Occupy movement in the US in 2011, in which the protestors called themselves the â€Å"99%† who fought for social equality. Technology has also rapidly developed, having a major effect on communication,commerce, and politics. Leisure-time and entertainment grew tremendously, as the TV, DVDs, and video streaming became available. Popular broadcasting systems, such as BBC were forced to compete with rising private companies like Netflix. Music downloads and streaming audio replaced compact discs, and IPads and Kindles created a handheld portable library where ever you went. The Internet transformed communication, as technology like the smartphone, provides the functions of e-mail, texting, Facebook, and Twitter, to keep you connected with family, friends, and business. The Smartphone also surpassed the old-fashioned landline phone of the previous decades. Industries changes as people become more reliant on the internet to purchase goods. The rapid growth of the internet also allowed the government and businesses to use tracking systems to gain huge amounts of information and monitor individuals to target them with advertising. Since nearly everything is online, it would not be difficult for governmental or business secret to leak out onto the internet, which is why internet surveillance remains widely debated as it is strictly monitored and online access is limited in many authoritarian states such as North Korea, Iran, and Cuba. Throughout the world, populations continued to grow in many developing nations but began to decline in the industrialized nations. None of the 20 countries in the EU had birthrates above 2.0, averaging 1.55 children per woman. many women would wait to have children until their 30s to establish a job and finish education, but balancing work with raising children was harder than expected for them. The major decline in population forced the media to advertise for large families. The flow of immigrants also began to change. While some immigrants came to the UN legally with proper documentation, many others were smuggled over the borders, erupting as a critical and controversial issue all over the world. The economic problems in western Europe provided many immigrants with economic opportunity, which was a major factor in the increase of immigrants. Many immigrants fled to Europe to escape the civil wars in Iraq and Syria, but many of the undocumented immigrants who attempted to cross into Europe were turned back at the borders. Many illegal female immigrants who were lured over the borders by criminals who provided jobs were often trafficked and forced into prostitution. In 2015, tens of thousands of migrants entered Hungary, causing the migration issue to reach a crisis, and Europe’s ethnic makeup to diversify from the diasporas (permanently displaced ethnic groups). Immigrants were also divided into two groups, a small group with a good education who were well trained and could find a job, and the rest who didn’t have a good education and were crowded into poor housing. Multiculturalism called for new styles of film and fine arts, but music grew the most due to the many different cultures that blended together and entertained a huge audience. Immigration also created controversy and conflict regarding nationalism, jobs, and misuse of money during times of economic downfall in Western Europe. Concerns on immigration were now mixed with the fear of Muslim migrants and residents in Europe, who now outnumber the EU’s Protestant north and the Protestants in Europe’s Catholic south. Because of the 9/11 terrorist attack, fears of Muslim immigrants increases as Islamic State attacks continued to occur in Europe. Most of Europe’s Muslim population supported democracy and rejected violent extremists, but the increasing Muslim population posed as a threat to the West’s liberal traditions of freedom of thought, toleration, separation of church and state, and equal rights for women and gay. Many Europeans had difficulty in understanding the values of Muslim spirituality, including the hijab and the growing number of mosques, which many leaders saw as a sign that they would not transition to Western culture. As the years went on, the Muslim population continued to grow, causing citizens to believe there were â€Å"too many Arabs† in their countries, and making the public overestimate the number of Arabs in Europe. Thousands of Germans joined the anti-immigrant movement called Pegida. Muslims no longer felt welcome and were now considered outcasts in their adoptive countries, leading to high unemployment rates, discrimination, and exclusion in France. The minority argued against the anti-immigrant and anti-Muslim groups that they were racist, saying that Europe needed talented newcomers to reduce the decline in population and that the tolerance of others could create a stronger political and cultural acceptance. How to cite Russian Economy in the Aftermath of the Collapse of the Soviet Union, Papers

Australian History The Anzac Hero

Question: Discuss about theAustralian Historyfor the Anzac Hero. Answers: Introduction The essay depicts the history of the Anzac Hero and scrutinizes the mythology underlies the facts and information that has put the Anzac as a hero and celebrated the day as Anzac Day at the very spirit of our nationwide identity. The Anzac Hero has been taken as one of the stereotype. The essay report further describes the impact of this stereotype construction of a modern Australian national identity. The Anzac Hero Anzac was a story of all white men. The enormous mass of Australians either were born in Australia or traced their origin to England, Scotland as well as Ireland after the World War I broke out. Except they were "considerably" of European decline, they could not help and save the Imperial Force of Australia. (Ms Amy McDonald, 2004) In spite of this, 850 native men handle to enroll, as did a dispersion of numerous man of Chinese and other racial background. At most 3000 women of Australia also surrendered to serve up as nurse. However, the occurrence of combat, which was at the spirit of the unique Anzac legend, was a chap one. (Maynard. J, 2007) There is a day known as Anzac Day in New Zealand as well as Australia that honor all the legends who sacrifice their individual lives in combat, wars, disputes to keep the peace. Impact on Construction ofa Modern Australian National Identity An Anzac warrior was eager to forfeit his existence for others and for his nation, he illustrate planned - crowd curved vacant food cans into binocular to keep eye on the opponent channel and made temporary bullets from tin, pin and other pointed object (Fiona Nicoll, 2001) The Anzac courage was exhibit every day during the eight-month clash at Gallipoli. From the instant, the Australia as well as New Zealands flock grounded at Anzac bay the will of bravery, faithfulness, courage, inventiveness, forfeit and companion ship was apparent. Every day the defense force stands for up-to-the-minute fight. Not only combat brawl with ammunition, but also combat of tremendous high temperature in summer, chilly cold in wintry weather, parasites, fly, fleas and sickness. The Anzac spirit therefore became part of every Anzac warrior. (Dr Kevin M Dunn, 2004) The individuality of an Anzac became more and more significant as the battle declare Constantinople persistent. Every act was a work of courageousness and the military established the requirement to assume their responsibility in spite of worries of demise. Bravery became essential for endurance, for even the easy but essential situation of acquiring water dying out a warrior life. Warrior also need immense willpower to clash every day and if injured the willpower to bear the inadequate medicinal provisions and cure to prolong combating. (Watson. Don, May 2008) The Anzac myth, which was the outcome of an overwhelming trouncing, somewhat than an enormous triumph, has had, as well as persist to have a noteworthy impact on Australia national identity. The warriors of Australia as well as New Zealand verified the courage of companion ship, bravery, reliability, courage, forfeit, valor, commitment, respect, honesty, inventiveness and willpower all through the Gallipoli crusade as they fought against frightening probability. These individualities have come to symbolize the Anzac myth, which is manifest in Australia at present be it in combat, clash or peacetime. (Rothwell. N, 2008) Conclusion The studies has clear all myths and beliefs. Anzac, in this logic, can authenticate not only the man and woman of the Defense Force of Australia who are the straight successor of the myth of Gallipoli, but also the overhaul of police force officers, national protection armed forces and fire battalion. References Rothwell. N, 2008, 'End of the dream', The Weekend Australian Magazine, 6-7 December, pp16-21. Maynard. J, 2007, 'Introduction', in Fight for Liberty and Freedom: the Origins of Australian Aboriginal Activism, Aboriginal Studies Press, Canberra, pp1-8,152. Dr Kevin M Dunn, Associate Professor James Forrest, Professor Ian Burnley and Ms Amy McDonald 2004 Constructing Racism in Australia Australian Journal of Social Issues. Vol 39. No 4. 409-430. Fiona Nicoll, 2001, Chapter 3: Gender, desire and the digger in the book, From Diggers to drag Queens. Pages 68-96. Pluto Press London. Watson. Don, Monthly, The, May 2008, Digging: A Moral Equivalent to Anzac Day [online] : 44-50. Flanagan, R 2008, 'The lost larrikin', Bulletin: With Newsweek, Australian Consolidated Press, vol.126, no.6705, pp28-31.

Training And Development As A Strategy

Police Brutality Essays (2503 words) - Los Angeles Police Department

Police Brutality Essays (2503 words) - Los Angeles Police Department Police Brutality Description: It was April 29, 1992 and it was my twelve birthday. My mom gave me a little chocolate cake with a plastic surfer riding a wave on top of it. We were watching television while I was getting ready to blow out my candles. There was a disturbance in South Central Los Angeles that the news helicopters were covering on every channel. There were crowds of people flooding the intersection of Florence and Normandy acting rowdy and getting aggressive toward passing cars. They stopped cars and pulled people out of them. The news cameras were right on top of it all of the way. Reginald Deny was taken out of his semi-truck and severely beaten. You could see people enthused about beating this defenseless man. One man grabbed a brick and threw it at Denys head then began to dance with enthusiasm. The majority of the crowd were black and they were harassing any other race that happened to go through their neighborhood. The crowd got out of control setting fire to cars and the violence was quickly s preading to other blocks around the neighborhood. I continued to eat my cake as I watched the news broadcasting the surging violence. The crowd was reacting to the acquittal, just hours earlier, of the four police officers in the beating of Rodney King2 . People couldnt believe the outcome. The beating of Rodney King was videotaped and shown over and over to the public. People believed that finally there was going to be justice. They believed that there was clear-cut evidence showing what has been complained about for years. Finally people who had never believed the accounts of police brutality existed witnessed it for themselves. Finally the public as a whole could react and try to control the officers that abuse their power. But instead, the officers were acquitted, and the Ngo 2 public felt betrayed. Especially the black community who was fed up with their complaints falling on deaf ears. They were fed up and they resorted to rioting. For five days the violence persisted and spread further and further out of the ghetto reaching across the borders of the black communities of South Central and into adjacent neighborhoods. The subject of police brutality was thrown into the eyes of the public. People could no longer ignore the problem and the city of Los Angeles was made the example of citizens frustrations in clouds of smoke and looted communities . Police brutality is defined as the unauthorized exercise of police discretion where the policeman acts without the formal capacity to impose legal sanctions (Rucheelman 133). The officers are given the power to use their best judgment in all situations. The main complaint is that the police often use force that is unnecessary. The police argue that they use force in order to protect themselves. The Law Enforcement Code of Ethics (International Association of Chiefs of Police) begins as follows: As a Law Enforcement Officer, my fundamental duty is to serve mankind; to safeguard lives and property; to protect the innocent against deception, the weak against oppression or intimidation, and the peaceful against violence and disorder; and to respect the Constitutional rights of all men to liberty, equality, and justice (Ruchelman 17). It later addresses prejudices and violence stating: I will never act officiously or permit personal feelings, prejudices, animosities or friendships to infl uence my decisionsI will enforce the law courteously Ngo 3 and appropriately without fear or favor, malice or ill will, never employing unnecessary force or violence and never accepting gratuities (Ruchelman 17). The line between police brutality and the proper force used in any situation is not always clearly drawn. Police officers are in constant danger and need to control people in order to handle certain situations. Police officers need to calculate the amount of force needed as their situations develop. Their are two kinds of police brutality. One occurs when emotions run high for example, during mass demonstrations or riots. The other kind is carried out systematically and regularly in the line of duty and is often times fueled by stress, frustration, racial intolerance or for intimidation. The second type of misconduct is deliberate and calculating and is potentially more disturbing to

Discussion Questions Week One Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion Questions Week One - Essay Example the data set, while the alternative hypothesis is a claim of â€Å"difference in the population† (Introduction to Hypothesis Testing n.d.) After this, the test statistic for the data is calculated according to the type of test which is conducted. When the test statistic has been estimated, it is converted into a p-value which is also known as the level of significance. Lastly, the researcher makes a conclusion according to the result of the test. Hypothesis testing is very much important and is now widely utilized in coming up with significant business decisions. It should be noted that this technique can be utilized both for quantitative and qualitative analyses. One of the applicability of hypothesis testing is in predicting whether there would be an increase in the productivity of the workforce with the proposed performance based salary scheme. This is a very important issue which can be resolved using hypothesis testing noting that business organizations are now on the lookout for various techniques in order to motivate employees to excel in their respective posts. Monetary and non-monetary benefits are both used in order to increase employee productivity. Productivity can be measured through the average per hour production of employees which can be indicated by the dollar per hour that they contribute to the organization. A two-tailed hypothesis test can be conducted with the null hypothesis claiming that average produc tivity will not change or will still be equal to the previous average

Literature Review - How Sustainability Strategies can be measured A

- How Sustainability Strategies can be measured A of GRI and RepRisk - Literature review Example on what companies across the globe can do to attain sustainability and the important role that sustainability plays for them in their daily corporate management tasks. This review therefore looks into the definition of sustainability as well as the strategies that come with sustainability practices. Lastly, there is a focus on sustainability and trust and why it is important that stakeholders have sufficient trust in companies. Two major theoretical approaches to the definition of sustainability were identified in the extant literature. The first of these had to do with the view of sustainability from the perspective of efficiency, where companies are expected to show maximum expectation in their approach to social, economic and environmental utilisation of resources (Adams and Geoffrey, 2008). Those who argue for efficiency have generally debated that companies should be able to take the minimal level of social, economic and environmental resources and turn this into a viable end product that benefits an ordinary person in the community (Nidumolu, Prahalad and Rangaswami, 2009). This means that such theorists believe that where there is the excessive use of resource, this can result in waste. There is a second school of thought that focuses on sufficiency perspective, arguing that sustainability should be a framework of how well a company can measure what is sufficient for its need in the production of so cial, economic and environmental outcomes (Sparkes and Cowton, 2013). This means that the issue of quantity should only be factor when resources used are seen to be resulting in waste. Both definitions admonish sustainability to be a three-tier concept having components of economic, social and environmental outcomes. The first school of thought would however be noted to have failed to appreciate the fact that quantity is always relative to an expected outcome (Szejnwald, de Jong and Levy, 2009). In this end, the second school of thought on sufficiency is adopted

Nursing, current health developments to improve the risk of deep vain Essay

Nursing, current health developments to improve the risk of deep vain thrombosis for patients in hospital - Essay Example They are reliable in their field of practice and in researches related to their field of practice. The research is valid in terms of ethical processes, especially in ensuring that the research gathering process is voluntary and gained through informed consent (Hucker, 2001). The research is paid for by the authors, not by any private corporations. Hence, the validity of the results are not overshadowed by private funding (Friedman, 2004). Most of the materials used present unbiased and reliable results (Davies and Dodd, 2002). This study is significant in terms of establishing the importance of adopting and prioritizing preventive measures for DVT. Dennis, M. (2009) Effectiveness of thigh-length GCS to reduce DVT after stroke. 2518 patients Quantitative/experimental Outcome-blinded, randomised controlled trial Non-significant absolute reduction in risk of 0.5% (95% CI -1.9% to 2.9%). Skin breaks, ulcers, blisters, and skin necrosis were significantly more common in patients allocated to GCS than in those allocated to avoid their use. Results do not support use of thigh-length GCS in patients admitted to hospital with acute stroke. The author is a highly qualified expert in the field of medicine, most especially in cardiovascular medicine and in the clinical management of thrombus issues. He is reliable in his field and has carried out different researches in related studies (Williams, 2010). The research is valid in terms of the statistical processes applied, and different methodology applied (Strauss and Corbin, 1990). The research has been paid for by the author, not by any private corporation. The analysis and data results are based on thorough analysis of results (Glesne and Peshkin, 1992). No logical fallacies are seen from the author’s conclusions (Ethridge, 2004). This study is significant because it reviews the use of which length GC stockings in patients at risk for DVT Falanga, A (2005) To review the clinical significance of VTE in patients wit h cancer and the strategies for management of VTE in these patients, including the potential role of low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs). 49 studies Quantitative Clinical review The use of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) therapy instead of VKAs may be beneficial in patients. This agent offers an effective alternative to VKAs in the long-term management of VTE, that is free from the practical problems associated with the use of VKAs and without increasing the risk of bleeding. Alternative means of managing DVT among cancer patients present with advantages which assist in their long-term care. These alternatives must be considered for patients. The author is also a highly qualified expert in the field of medicine, specifically in oncology and cardiovascular diseases. She has published several studies in cardiovascular diseases and in cancer management. She is highly respected in her field and has published numerous researches on cancer management, including thrombus management. This makes her a highly reliable author (Williams, 2010). The methods applied truly measure what they intend to measure (Joppe, 2000). The authors in the reviewed studies outline some of their methodology which is within ethical parameters of reliability and

Effect of Sleep on Academic Performance

Effect of Sleep on Academic Performance Abstract Several studies have reported that a lack of sleep will negatively affect GPA.[FW1] Many others indicated that lack of sleep would also impair cognitive functions in all aspects[FW2]. This study is designed to determine if a sleep will have an impact on academic performance as well as look for a difference between male and female performance. To test this, 100 undergraduate students ages 18-24 will be randomly assigned to one of two condition. One group will be sleep deprived while the other will not, then both groups will take an exam with select math and literature questions taken from the SAT. It is expected that the participants not sleep deprived will score significantly lower than those in the standard sleep group. It is also expected that there will be no significant difference of male and female scores in either the sleep deprived or standard sleep conditions. This will demonstrate that sleep does affect academic performance in both males and females. Keywords: Sleep, Academics, Undergraduate, Students, Deprivation   Effect of Sleep on Academic Performance in Undergraduate Students Humans rely on sleep to help function during the day or during the night.[FW4]The ability for one to learn can be drastically effected by whether or not he/she gets enough sleep the night before. According to one study, it has been found that lack of sleep has negative affect on both memory recall and memory formation (Longordo, Kopp, Là ¼thi, 2009). This is a problem many college students face. When the students need to complete assignments or study for an exam they will often stay up all night and not sleep, hoping to get the paper complete or memorize the information so their grade will reflect how well they understand the material being taught. The problem here is that a lack of sleep makes academic success more difficult to achieve. There is a negative feedback loop demonstrating this predicament; the student stays awake studying or working, then does not receive the desired grade because memory recall is far more difficult, now the thought process is that more studying is req uired for the next exam or assignment, so the student stays up later. This sleep deprivation does not only come from the need to study or complete assignments. Because college is expensive many students get jobs to help pay the tuition (Chiang, Arendt, Zheng, Hanisch, 2014). Because the employed students are not the only ones needing help staying awake while doing assignments or during a lecture, they find alternative methods. As a way to help undergraduates stay awake, they consume energy drinks[FW5]. Energy drinks and their connection to sleep continue to negatively affect student performance. A study conducted by Champlin, Pasch and Perry found that there is a significant correlation between lower grade point average (GPA) and the consumption of energy drinks (2016). Because there are several ways sleep impacts student performance, this researcher intends to continue this area study. The researcher aims to demonstrate that there is a correlation between the amount of sleep a student gets and his/her ability to complete an exam. The hope is that the re will be a significant difference in scores between the two groups, indicating that the amount of sleep an undergraduate student gets the night before an exam will contribute to their score. This is important because it may help students understand that staying up is not the solution to success; therefore, they will may look for healthier and more beneficial study techniques to help them increase their academic performance. The researcher will also look at the difference in scores between sexes in each conditions. It is desired that there will be little difference between these scores, which will show that both male and female students have similar levels of understanding and that sleep has an effect on both sexes. The discovery that lack of sleep can be dangerous led to an article that stated that sleep is a biological necessity (Gilbert Weaver, 2010). It has been found that much like how the absence of eating leads to health concerns and eventual death, the absence of sleep will eventually have these same side effects. The research conducted by Gilbert and Weaver (2010) found that there is a significant negative correlation between poor sleep quality and GPA. This adds to the validity of a study done in 2008 [FW6]which indicated that students with GPAs over 3.0 reported that they were less likely to engage in all-nighters while students with GPAs of 2.5 report occasionally performing this action, and students with 2.0 and lower said that they conduct all-nighters frequently (Thacher[FW7]). This indicates a need for sleep if a student strives to be successful in their college career. In 1997[FW8], two researchers reported that students being sleep deprived were fatigued and had an increase in confusion, which caused those in the sleep-deprived group to struggle in their performance (Pilcher Walters). This may indicate that sleep deprivation[FW9] (SD) does not directly affect student performance instead; it creates the conditions that will impair student success. Another study also demonstrates that SD is not directly affecting the students. Engle-Friedman, Riela, Golan, Ventuneac, Davis, Jefferson, Major (2002) conducted an experiment with results that showed SD students, when given a choice, are significantly more likely to choose questions that are of less difficulty than students who had a normal amount of sleep. They also learned that even though the SD group selected easier questions they still scored less than the other group who chose more difficult questions. It was determined that being sleep deprived causes students to put forth less effort than people not sleep deprived. Even though lack of sleep makes it difficult to focus and makes students want to take t he easiest path to the finish, there are also emotional and physiological effects. Brown, Buboltz, and Soper reported that when people are sleep deprived they suffer an emotional imbalance. This imbalance causes the student to have a low sense of life satisfaction. Accompaning this is for depression and anger (2006). The research conducted by Brown et a. 2006 supports that done by Pilcher and Walters (1997) in that both found that the lack of sleep caused fatigue and confusion. Another more serious physiological effect that arises when the body does not rest enough is that it lessens the production of T cells. This is dangerous because T cells work with the immune system, when the immune system becomes weaker the body is more suseptable to infections and diseases (Longordo, Kopp, Là ¼thi, 2009). This can be a problem for students because if they are too sick to attend class they will fall behind leading to another reason lack of sleep harms GPA, because one cannot learn the information if they are not present. Sleep disorders have a major affect on the academic p erformance of students because they cause sleep deprivation. A study done with 1,845 participants showed that 27% of the students with a GPA less than or equal to 2.0 were at high risk of having a sleep disorder (Gaultney, 2010). Because sleep deprivation has had such a major impact on the GPA in college students, researchers set out to discover what range of sleep is effecting the students. They found a significant difference in GPA between students that had a maximum of 6 hours of sleep compared to the students that Routinely had 9 or more hours of sleep; however, they did not find a statistically significant difference between students that received 7-8 hours and those that had less than 6 nor was the difference significantly different between the students geeting 9 or more hours and those getting 7-8 hours of sleep (Kelly, Kelly, Clanton, 2001). Getting enough sleep is not enough to earn a good GPA, the student must also apply themsenves and be dedicated to the courses they are taking. Because of this the researcher will try to determine just how much sleep effects a students GPA or are they just not applying themselves to be successful. To solve this the following method will be used. Method Participants There will be 100 undergraduate [FW10]students between the ages of 18-24 recruited from Central Washington University (CWU). This range is being selected because it is the most common undergraduate age. All ages are being selected because the researcher wants to view the effect on all undergraduates not just freshman, sophomore etc. Materials There will be a questionnaire with questions such as did you wake up after falling asleep? (see appendix E for all questions) for the participants in the standard sleep time group. There will be a test which will have 20 questions taken from the SAT, 10 questions will be mathematics such as Which of the following is equal to sin(à Ã¢â€š ¬/5)? (see appendix C for questions and appendix D for solutions) calculators will be provided to all participants. There will also be five literature questions formulate the test. Participants will be shown an informed consent prior to beginning the study (see Appendix A) and a debriefing form after completing the study (see Appendix B). Design Using an experimental design, participants will be randomly assigned into one of the two conditions. These conditions will consist of either a deprived sleep group or a standard sleep time group. The administered test contains questions from the SAT because it is a standardized test, which all CWU applicants must have taken, giving them some level of familiarity with it. Participants in the deprived sleep group will be kept awake throughout the night and morning until they have completed the test. To ensure the participants remain awake, they will stay in a laboratory where the room will be lowered to the temperature of 60 degrees Fahrenheit, which will be warm enough to avoid any form of injury, damage, or illness yet help prevent the participants from sleeping. Music will play over a loudspeaker for 20 minutes every hour and there will an option of coffee until 2 hours before the test. The participants in the standard sleep time group will be allowed to sleep at their own residence and will return to take the test, when they return they will fill out a questionnaire. Both groups will proceed to take the same test at 12pm. The beginning of the test will have a demographic to determine if sex have an effect on the data. The data will be analyzed based on the number of correct test questions in each group. An ANOVA with alpha = .05 will be performed to determine if there is a significant difference between the deprived sleep and standard sleep time groups, as well as to see if there is a significant difference between male and female performance in each group. Procedure To begin the research all participants will be randomly assigned into one of the two conditions then they will be shown a consent form to read and agree to, if a participant does not agree they will be thanked for their time and asked to leave. The participants that agree to the informed consent form will be randomly assigned into 14 groups. Each group will be designated a day of the week within the next 14 days to take their test. There will be three participants from both groups to take the test each day; this is because of limited space in the lab. Those in the deprived sleep group will be asked to return to the lab by 9pm to be kept awake and the standard sleep group will be asked to sleep for at least 8 hours. Before the test begins, the standard sleep group will be given a questionnaire to fill out as a way to determine if they received the necessary amount of sleep, if they do not meet the required 8 hours they will be given a debriefing form and dismissed as to not contaminat e the data. Both groups will be required to be in the lab at 12pm to take the test. Before starting the test, each participant will be given a TI-83 calculator to assist in the math portion of the test. When a participant completes the test, he/she will return the calculator and then be given a debriefing form explaining the purpose of the study, if he/she is in the deprived sleep group they will be encouraged to go home and sleep. Results The data will be analyzed using an ANOVA. The researcher does not expect a significant difference between sexes in either group, this will show that sleep effects both male and female. The researcher does expect that the individuals will have significantly different scores based on the condition they were assigned to. Specifically, the participants in the deprived sleep group will score lower on both the math and literature than the participants in the standard sleep time condition. This will indicate that sleep does significantly affect the academic performance in undergraduate students. Discussion This study will set out to discover if and/or how sleep effects undergraduate academics and if these effects vary between sexes. The results should support previous research, which has indicated that the amount of sleep students get over the course of a quarter does have an effect on their GPA. It should be reported that students deprived of sleep have a lower score and that there is little to no difference in the scores between sexes. However, several limitations that may arise could have an effect on the results. Because the students are free to opt out of the study at any point, attrition will likely be evident. This would likely occur in the sleep-deprived condition because they may start out enthusiastic but become unwilling to sacrifice sleep to continue participation. Another limitation in the sleep-deprived condition would be from the students that physically could not stay awake which would disqualify them from the study. The test being administered to the students may also have an effect on the collected data. This is because some students may be more proficient in math and literature due to the classes they have already taken. In addition, the questions are being taken from the SAT to give the students a familiarity but many of them would not have taken the exam for many years. The students in the standard sleep time condition may lie on the questionnaire as to not be disqualified from the study. There are some possible ways to solve for these limitations. Having the standard sleep time condition, sleep in a lab where they can be monitored would eliminate the possibility of not knowing if they truly obtained the necessary sleep. Not using such a wide age range could reduce the risk of unfamiliarity with SAT questions as well as narrowing the proficiency gap. Future research could add a time limit, which would help to simulate a real class exam. They may also compare male and female scores between conditions to determine if sleep has an effect on both or just one sex. A practical application to this researchers findings would be knowing whether sleep does or does not have an effect on academic performance, which could be used to inform the students on the effects of sleep. This would benefit people because they would know that having enough sleep will help them do better in school which plays a major role in ones future. Understanding this could lead to an increase in average student GPA and in turn the graduation rates. The knowledge of the difference in scores between sexes could also be used to determine if one sex has the potential for the need of more assistance to learn the material being presented. References   Brown, F. C., Buboltz, W. C., Soper, B. (2006). Development and evaluation of the sleep treatment and education program for students (STEPS). Journal of American College Health, 54, 231-237. Retrieved from http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.ezp.lib.cwu.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=c01bec01-699f-4217-997e-ada931c678d4%40sessionmgr4006vid=11hid=4105 Champlin, S. E., Pasch, K. E., Perry, C. L. (2016). Is the consumption of energy drinks associated with academic achievement among college students? The Journal of Primary Prevention, 37, 345-359. doi:10.1007/s10935-016-0437-4 Chiang, Y.-C., Arendt, S. W., Zheng, T., Hanisch, K. A. (2014). The effects of sleep on academic performance and job performance. College Student Journal, 48, 72-87. doi:10.1037/t05178-000 Engle-Friedman, M., Riela, S., Golan, R., Ventuneac, A. M., Davis, C. M., Jefferson, A. D., Major, D. (2003). The effect of sleep loss on next day effort. Journal of Sleep Research, 12, 113-124. Retrieved from http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.ezp.lib.cwu.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=c01bec01-699f-4217-997e-ada931c678d4%40sessionmgr4006vid=17hid=4105 Gaultney, J. F. (2010). The prevalence of sleep disorders in college students: Impact on academic performance. Journal of American College Health, 59, 91-97. Retrieved from http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.ezp.lib.cwu.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=c01bec01-699f-4217-997e-ada931c678d4%40sessionmgr4006vid=20hid=4105 Gilbert, S. P., Weaver, C. C. (2010). Sleep quality and academic performance in university students: A wake-up call for college psychologists. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 24, 295-306. doi:10.1080/87568225.2010.509245 Kelly, W. E., Kelly, K. E., Clanton, R. C. (2001). The relationship between sleep length and grade-point average among college students. College Student Journal, 35, 84-86. Retrieved from http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.ezp.lib.cwu.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=c01bec01-699f-4217-997e-ada931c678d4%40sessionmgr4006vid=26hid=4105 Longordo, F., Kopp, C., Là ¼thi, A. (2009). Consequences of sleep deprivation on neurotransmitter receptor expression and function. European Journal of Neuroscience, 29, 1810-1819. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06719.x Pilcher, J. J., Walters, A. S. (1997). How sleep deprivation affects psychological variables related to college students cognitive performance. Journal of American College Health, 46, 121-126. Retrieved from http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.ezp.lib.cwu.edu/ehost/detail/detail?sid=c01bec01-699f-4217-997e-ada931c678d4%40sessionmgr4006vid=29hid=4105bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#AN=1997-42387-003db=psyh Thacher, P. V. (2008). University students and the all-nighter: Correlates and patterns of students engagement in a single night of total sleep deprivation. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 6, 16-31. doi:10.1080/15402000701796114 Appendix A Study Title: Sleep and Academics Principal Investigator(s): Eric Flowers Contact: [emailprotected] What you should know about this study: You are being asked to join a research study. This consent form explains the research study and your part in the study. Please read it carefully and take as much time as you need. Ask questions about anything you do not understand now, or when you think of them later. You are a volunteer. If you do join the study and change your mind later, you may quit at any time without fear of penalty or loss of benefits. Why is this research being done? This research is being done to discover if sleep changes performance. Who can take part in this study? The basic eligibility criterion for one to participate is that they must be an enrolled undergraduate student between the ages 18 and 24. Must be able to read and write English. The expected number of participants is to be around 100. What will happen if you join this study? If you agree to be in this study, we will ask you to do the following things: Once the study has been selected, you will be shown an informed consent. Once read and accepted, the participant will be asked return to the lab by 9pm to be kept awake until completion of the test starting at 12pm the next day or will be instructed to sleep for between 8 and 9 hours at their own residence and return by 11:30am to fill out a questionnaire before taking the test. The total time it will take to complete this study is between 15.5 and 16.5 hours. What are the risks or discomforts of the study? The risks and discomforts in this study are exhaustion, extreme tiredness and fatigue if in the deprived sleep group. The discomfort for the standard sleep time group may be from sitting down during the questionnaire and test. Are there benefits to being in the study? There is not benefit to you from being in this study. If you take part in this study, you will help further research in the link between sleep and academics. What are your options if you do not want to be in the study? For all participants:You do not have to join this study. If you do not join, it will not affect any benefits to which you are entitled. Can you leave the study early? You can agree to be in the study now and change your mind later. If you wish to stop at any time, please tell us immediately. What information about you will be kept private and what information may be given out? No defining characteristics will be asked of you. The only characteristics needed for this study are gender and age. This way, confidentiality can be assured. Data collected may be used for future research. What other things should you know about this research study? a. What is the Institutional Review Board (IRB) and how does it protect you? This study has been reviewed by the CWU Human Subject Review Council. HSRC is made up of faculty from many different departments, ethicists, nurses, scientists, non-scientists and people from the local community. The HSRCs purpose is to review human research studies and to protect the rights and welfare of the people participating in those studies. You may contact the HSRC if you have questions about your rights as a participant or if you think you have not been treated fairly. The HSRC office number is (509) 963-3115. b.What do you do if you have questions about the study? Call the principal investigator, Eric Flowers, at (253) 797-6777. If you think you are injured or ill as a result of being in this study, call the principal investigator, Eric Flowers at (253) 797-6777. If you have an urgent problem related to your participation in this study, call the Student Medical and Counseling Clinic at 963-1881. This study is not able to offer financial compensation nor to absorb the costs of medical treatment should you be injured as a result of participating in this research. However, the services at the Student Medical and Counseling Clinic will be open to you as they are to all students. What does your signature on this consent form mean? By signing this consent form, you are not giving up any legal rights. Your signature means that you understand the study plan, have been able to ask questions about the information given to you in this form, and you are willing to participate under the conditions we have described. A copy of the form will be given to you. Participants Name (print): Participants Signature: Date: Signature of Investigator(s): Eric Flowers Date: Appendix B This study is concerned with the effect of sleep on academic performance in undergraduate students. How was this tested? In this study, you were asked to participate after signing a consent form. You were asked to return complete a test to the best of your ability. One group was instructed to return to the lab to be kept awake from 9pm until the completed the test which started at 12pm the next day. The other group was instructed to sleep for 8-9hours and return to the lab by 11:00am the next day to fill out a questionnaire which was used to determine if the amount of sleep obtained met the requirements to continue with the study. Both groups then took the test at 12pm Hypotheses and main questions: We expect to find that those in the sleep deprived group will score lower than the participants in the standard sleep time group. We do not expect to find a significant difference between sex in either group. Why is this important to study? This is important to study in order to better understand differences in sleep, and the effect it has on academic performance. This research may help students realize that not sleeping does not benefit them and will hopefully lead them to find different ways to study. Who do I contact for more information? If you have concerns about your rights as a participant in this experiment, please contact Eric Flowers at (253) 797-6777 or [emailprotected] Thank you again for your participation. Appendix C 10 Math Questions and 5 Literature Questions Measured Math The recommended daily calcium intake for a 20-year-old is 1,000 milligrams (mg). One cup of milk contains 299 mg of calcium and one cup of juice contains 261 mg of calcium. Which of the following inequalities represents the possible number of cups of milk m and cups of juice j a 20-year-old could drink in a day to meet or exceed the recommended daily calcium intake from these drinks alone? 299m + 261j à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 1,000 299m + 261j > 1,000 299/m + 261/j à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 1,000 299/m + 261/j > 1,000 A research assistant randomly selected 75 undergraduate students from the list of all students enrolled in the psychology-degree program at a large university. She asked each of the 75 students, How many minutes per day do you typically spend reading? The mean reading time in the sample was 89 minutes, and the margin of error for this estimate was 4.28 minutes. Another research assistant intends to replicate the survey and will attempt to get a smaller margin of error. Which of the following samples will most likely result in a smaller margin of error for the estimated mean time students in the psychology-degree program read per day? 40 randomly selected undergraduate psychology-degree program students. 40 randomly selected undergraduate students from all degree programs at the college. 300 randomly selected undergraduate psychology-degree program students. 300 randomly selected undergraduate students from all degree programs at the college. 3. The first metacarpal bone is located in the wrist. The scatterplot below shows the relationship between the length of the first metacarpal bone and height for 9 people. The line of best fit is also shown. How many of the nine people have an actual height that differs by more than 3 centimeters from the height predicted by the line of best fit?      Ã‚   2 4 6 9 4. A survey was conducted among a randomly chosen sample of U.S. citizens about U.S. voter participation in the November 2012 presidential election. The table below displays a summary of the survey results. Reported Voting by Age (in thousands) Voted Did Not Vote No Response Total 18- to 34-year-olds 30,329 23,211 9,468 63,008 35- to 54-year-olds 47,085 17,721 9,476 74,282 55- to 74-year-olds 43,075 10,092 6,831 59,998 People 75 years old and over 12,459 3,508 1,827 17,794 Total 132,948 54,532 27,602 215,082 Of the 18- to 34-year-olds who reported voting, 500 people were selected at random to do a follow-up survey

Stereotypes of White Males Essay -- stereotypes, white males,

When people hear the word stereotype, they usually think of black people, Mexicans, Native Americans, women, and other races. Most people do not think there could be a stereotype against white males. People usually think that it would be the white male that would stereotype other races and not be stereotyped themselves. The truth is that white males get stereotyped just as much, if not more, as other races. White males have been categorized as hateful, major racists, skinheads, and over-privileged. In today’s society, a white male can’t criticize any other race without fear of being called a â€Å"hater† or a â€Å"racist†. One of the biggest forms of racism towards the white male is what the government calls â€Å"Affirmative Action†. Affirmative Action is something the government made to insure ...

Book of E.H. Carr on ‘Twenty Years Crisis.’

This paper seeks to make a review the book of E.H. Carr on ‘Twenty Years Crisis.’ The book is about international relations (IR) hence discussion dwells mainly on related different IR concepts including utopianism and â€Å"extreme† realism.  The book was written by Edward Hallett Carr in 1939 and is believed to be one of the classics in international relations (IR).   I see two reasons why Carr’s book makes a special place in the field of IR. Firstly, since the book was first printed in 1939, it is believed that it greatly contributed to the establishment of international as an autonomous discipline; secondly, it has a quite good amount of texts in understanding classical realism.An observant mind would think that the book was written shortly before the outbreak of World War II – as the author himself has put in the preface to the first edition. The book is believed to have grown out of the author’s disappointment with utopianism and â₠¬Å"extreme† realism that appeared to him to belong to opposite poles that have developed in the study and practice of international politics after the Great War. Utopianism is believed to have its roots from the philosophical liberalism and gained popularity in the first decade after WWI which included the view that there is goodness in man and of humankind as united by a substantial harmony of interests; the existence of natural law; and a reliance on the constructive consequence of public opinion on politics.Using the doctrine of utopianism, one could see the creation of the League of Nations and the liberal international economic system. But for author Carr, he saw the opposite, arguing that these two liberal institutions were weak which actually uncovered the weaknesses of the utopian approach.   It was Carr’s view, that the political and economic events in Europe occurring before the World II proved that principles like the universal interest in peace or the bene fits of open markets were not really true in the real sense since these developments were dependent on a distribution of power favouring the status quo countries which included Great Britain and the United States at the time.Carr’s emphasis on power in international politics, however, does not preclude him from disagreeing with those who take this realist principle to its extremes. He looks at politics as a constant quest for power in which imagination does not play any role, and making an allowance for morality as always relative and functional to interests. Thus he argued that the kind of realism developed in the decade before World War II, made utopianism’s opposite mistake that is analysis made makes purpose lacking in meaning.   Carr’s contemporaries including â€Å"heirs of Machiavelli† were proposing a completely pragmatic approach to politics, which had detached any emotional appeal, finite goal, or ground for ethical judgment, which Carr readil y found to have no basis.This would leave any one then reading this book wander the way one then should look at world politics.   The author then made his theory of international relations clearer in the second half of the book.   What he theorized as is that power or drive for supremacy is the main driving force of international politics. He denied not the fact that every state has selfish interest and that no interaction in the international arena can be well explained without making an assumption to the selfish nature of states. These countries according to Carr lust for influence and to the conflictual character of politics. He defined power to be referring to military as the most important, because of the possibility of war that was always present then.Power could also be economic, or ideological. He thus believed that power is not the only force at work in the international arena. As to how can this be, Carr, as distinguished from the â€Å"extreme† realists, believ es that morality plays a role in politics.   His conception of ethics, however, is not embodied as part of one he is opposing, the theory of the utopian philosopher. Instead what Carr theorized on is a â€Å"realistic† morality, found and felt in the actual behaviour of the states that recognize each other as belonging to the same community. Commonality for membership in the same community lies with similar goals and â€Å"feelings† of said members.There is basis to look at the authors position on ethics in international relations as having significant limitations which should include the need and concern for self-preservation) so that denying not to have   any function in politics may sound to be baseless since man must not be forgotten that he can be sociable as well as egoistic. Thus in trying to find the middle ground or the so called â€Å"golden mean† that is between complete power and purely morality based on utopianism, Carr’s analysis of inte rnational law did show his plausible view in international relation. It may be just logical to understand his argument not to obey the law because it is â€Å"good† or out of pure imposition.He believes then powerful countries then do so make decisions because law gives certainty and regularity to an order and such situations do show both the systemic distribution of power and the consent of its participants. What can be inferred from Carr’s position is that, the main challenge for a system undergoing a redistribution of power via peaceful transformations of its legal order moral principles should be maintained as still important part of the process.To conclude, it may be said that the Carr’s book on The Twenty Years’ Crisis is a classic of International Relations and it’s a complex although others believe that has its simple structure.   Beyond the complexity it must be noted the author’s arguments revealed his concern the method of Inter national Relations as well as its substance. Carr’s attacking utopianism and â€Å"extreme† realism limits not only views of the human nature and of the essence of politics, but his good grasp of the relationships of thing like those between pragmatism and ethics in the study of politics making a reader to fill in some interpretation for the solution.   What must be remembered also is not his narration of the history of the inter-war international system, nor pure theoretical discussion as show in his refusal to transform arguments into universally models as he seemed to argue on case to case basis.Reference:Carr, E. (2001) The Twenty Years' Crisis 1919 -1939: An Introduction to the Study of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   International Relations (Paperback), as updated by Michael Cox

Abigail Williams Character Essays

Abigail Williams Character Essays Abigail Williams Character Paper Abigail Williams Character Paper Human beings act the way they do because of their past. When he or she is traumatized or have lived through harmful events in his or her life, it can effect their present actions. Abigail Williams , character from The Crucible by Arthur Miller, has experienced dreadful events and emotions that have effected her actions. Though the affairs she caused were unnecessary , it was not her fault at all. She is emotionally scarred and her acts were a cry for help. Abigail Williams, a poor traumatized girl, should not be held countable for her actions. Abigail has survived one of the most disturbing tragedies someone can go through. She has seen her parents killed by the Indians before her very own eyes. Witnessing this gruesome event could cause any human being to go insane and to not think rationally for the rest of his or her life. All the actions she had taken during the witch trials were caused by her insanity. She was not acting bewitched for fun for her insanity caused her to see witchcraft that did not exist. When she witnessed the flying bird in the court house it was her mind that was tricking her to see what was really not there. Also, when she witnessed her parents’ death, it filled her with anger and hatred for the world. With all of this anger and hatred built up, her insanity brought her to want revenge. So during the witch trials her so called â€Å"acting† of being bewitched was caused by her insanity. Abigail had a forbidden love with John Proctor. This love made her attached to Proctor. When Proctor was done with her, he destroyed the whole relationship. He told her they were done and gave her the horrible feeling of being unwanted. Just because he was ashamed of what he did and did not want any part of it anymore . It did not mean he had to hurt poor Abigail. Most of Abigail’s life was lived without parents to share love, but with Proctor, she finally had someone to love. When he suddenly ended what they had so quickly , it made her feel like he never really cared about her in the first place. Through out her encounter with John, you can notice the love and attachment she had with him. No girl can honestly say she blames Abigail wanting Elizabeth’s place in life , she had everything she wanted. Of course without John this love could have never happened, so John Proctor is at fault for making Abigail feel abandoned , unwanted, and not good enough. Life as a Puritan was a life with many restrictions. Puritans had firm rules that had to be obeyed by everyone at all times. Abigail grew up in a Puritan time which meant she had to stick to the religious beliefs she had since she was a young girl. All her life she needed to act as a well behaved and reserved girl. Being so reserved can be tiring after a while, and the rebel inside of her needed to come out . Abigail could not ignore the urges she had to do something rebellious. The situation in the woods involving her was merely for fun and was not as serious as everyone took it to be. Quite frankly Abigail should be praised for showing the puritans a way of fun for a change. All of the other citizens of the town possibly had the same thought as Abigail but would never have to confidence to do it. She can not be blamed for following her creative mind and wanting to add more lively hood to the Puritans. People’s past can really have a huge impact on the rest of the world. Most of the time their past is not even their own fault. Many people would say that Abigail Williams is at fault for all of the results of the witch trials, but if you look more into her past and what she had went through you would see her side of the story. She was just a traumatized girl trying to mend her own problem that were not completely her fault. People should feel sorry for all she had to encounter in her life. Put yourself in her position and try to feel her pain. Abigail Williams, a girl tortured by life, should not be held countable for her actions involving the witch trial.

analysis essays

analysis essays We the people - How far should we take it. It is our government, our state, what the people say should be law, as long as certain inalienable rights are observed. In 2002, a referendum was placed on the Florida ballot stating the State would build a mass transit sytem "Bullet Train"..The destination would be from Tampa to Orlando. The next "leg" would be to Miami. Florida voters overwhelmingly passed the bullet train referendum two years ago. Now the legislators are trying to take it away. Are they not our elected representatives? Should they not heed the wishes of the people? Unfortunately, the Florida Legislature has not appropriated any money for this project. They have stated there is not enough money in the budget. They are trying to get it back on the ballot in hopes it will be defeated. Many mistakes were made in 2002 when the initiative was placed on the ballot. No funds were provided and those voting for it had no idea what it would cost the taxpayers. Now as the cartoon shows, the legislature is attempting to crush the "sand train." Both the legislators and the voters should learn a lesson - know what you are voting for and who you are voting for. The wave will crush the bullet train, but the concept could still be kept alive if the Florida voters are given enough information to vote intelligently. The young child in the picture illustrates the future that belongs to our youth. Should progress prevail or should we stagnate our human resources? Florida has a very complex governmental system. We must look at the responsibilities of the people and of our legislature. ...

Gilded Age Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Gilded Age - Essay Example Mark Twain coined the tem â€Å"Gilded Age† in the last decades of the nineteenth century. Gilded Age refers the era that followed the American Civil War, stretching from the end of the reconstruction period to the dawn of the twentieth century. The era was characterized by enormous economic growth and European investments. Ideally, the Gilded Age was an era of transforming America into a liberal country. Outstanding events that characterized the era included increased immigration, industrial growth, and construction of railway networks. The Gilded Age cannot be considered as a Golden Age for Americans instead, the age symbolizes an era of unsolved problems. In The Gilded Age: a Tale of Today, writers Mark Twain and Charles Dudley confirm that Gilded Age was an era of severe social problems (Biography web). According to the authors, these problems could not be visualized since they remained beneath a thin layer of the supposed gold. In this context, gold symbolizes the economi c and social developments that accompanied Gilded Age. Golden age refers to an era of peace prosperity, stability, and harmony. Unfortunately, the Gilded Age was characterized by neither stability nor prosperity (Zinn 32). In particular, the period can be considered as an era of great economic oppressions as Americans struggled to rebuild their country. To the American, the Gilded Age was an era of exorbitant taxation. American economy became more intertwined with cotton and tobacco exports. The prices of these commodities reduced dramatically affecting the livelihood of ordinary American farmers. Although the country experienced a GDP growth, per capita income remained minimal. Unsolved problems in the agriculture sector included the slave question, the north, and south states issue. These problems were covered under increased exports to the European market and the rise of mechanized farming. Unsolved economic problems became the basis of more sophisticated social and political pro blems. Gilded Age politics were characterized by intense completion between political parties. The third party system promoted intense competition Between the Democratic and the Republican Parties. Consequently, minor parties including the Labor and Farmers unions disappeared as soon as they were established. Intense competition between the two parties intensified the country’s political temperature. Indeed, Americans were divided between Republicans and Democrats (Zinn 54). Both parties established the supposed â€Å"Political Machines† to oversee elections, reward their royalists and buyoff their opponents. Consequently, the wining party becomes the sole controller of state and government’s jobs, contracts and business openings. The â€Å"spoils system† was also a major source of political influence. Elected candidates were expected to pray according to the instructions of their political spoils/sponsors. For example in 1876, Hayes was elected in a secr et deal to be the new president of the United States. In addition, Harrison won the elections without winning the popular vote. Thus, the US did not achieve any form of political stability during the gilded age. Indeed, the era was a cover-up for the political instabilities that characterized the country. The era is considered the most turbulent time in American political history. Political reforms that promoted multiparty democracy and high voter turnout, acted as a conspiracy for politically motivated scandals, political rivalry, and civil unrest. Thus, the Gilded Age can never be considered as the US’s version of the Golden Age. Social developments also remained unattended during the Gilded Age. During the gilded age, discriminations against the black Americans intensified. Black Americans living in the southern states experienced the worst form of discrimination. The black communities were stripped off their political and voting rights. Ideally, the system almost revived slavery despite slave trade and slave labor having been abolished. During the

Case blue nile Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Case blue nile - Essay Example SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis deals with examining the internal and external factors impacting the actions and performance of the organization. While strengths and weaknesses can be identified by scrutinizing the internal factors, opportunities and threats are revealed by investigating the various macro environmental aspects like political, social, economic, legal and environmental forces. The biggest strength of Blue Nile is its ability to keep its costs under control. The company has a vast array of products in its repertoire and thus provides its customers a wide choice. It has an economical supply chain, a lean hierarchy and does not give any mark up to the wholesalers and retailers. All these aspects help Blue Nile to keep its operating costs low. The online retailer boasts of exceptional customer service. Blue Nile provides grading reports on its website that enables customers to purchase just the ‘right kind’ of jewelry. Every diamond marketed by Blue Nile is graded either by the Gemological Institute of America (GIA) or by the American Gem Society Laboratories (AGSL). Blue Nile also maintains favorable relations with its suppliers. The company has managed to ink pacts with numerous suppliers and therefore is not dependent on one particular supplier for the purchase of diamonds. Blue Nile offers its customers more than 60, 000 diamonds and hundreds of settings. However, the company derives majority of its revenue from the sale of engagement rings. The company has not been able to chalk out a strategy to increase the percentage of consumers to buy jewelry items online. Another weakness is that the company’s net profit margin at 4.2 percent is very low especially when compared to the net profit margin of 9.8 percent at Tiffany. Blue Nile provides ‘trust, guidance and value’ to its customers. These features are now being provided by its competitors as well. If

Research Proposal on Blood Donation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

On Blood Donation - Research Proposal Example an individual who is in need of a blood transfusion, approximately 41000 donations are required on a daily basis and there is need for there to be a blood reserve in case of an emergency (American Red Cross). Unfortunately, there are blood donation shortages leading to a blood shortage throughout the country. This proposal addresses the problem of blood donation shortages and how it can be addressed. There is lack of adequate research in existing literature dealing with the concept of blood donation. In fact, existing literature has not shown the need for further research as studies conducted mainly address the major reasons affecting individual’s willingness to donate blood. The research study needs to be conducted to address the reasons behind the blood shortages in the US and how they can be addressed. Although past studies have concentrated on some of factors affecting individuals’ motivation to donate blood, they have failed to concentrate on how incentives can positively influence their decision to donate blood (Hough 67). The study raises issues about offering economic incentives to encourage individuals to donate blood and some of the major reasons why individuals fail to donate blood. Various factors influence blood donation decisions including incentives, health concerns and the effects on the donor. Offering incentives is likely to have a positive impact on blood donation since it motivates individuals a higher number of individuals to donate blood. According to this theory, intentions are the major antecedents to behavior. Intention is the then paves the way for attitudes, perceived behavioral control and subjective norms. This model has been supported by a number of studies that have found that model accounts for 39 percent and 27 percent of the variance in intentions and behavior respectively. In the current study, the model can be used to explain the variance in blood donation between 31 percent and 72 percent and between 54 percent and 56

Research Plan Essay Example for Free

Research Plan Essay As part of your research plan, you must first draft a research question for your research paper that will guide the rest of your writing. A research question, which is more specific and focused than a general topic, is the question that your research paper will be answering. For example, if your general area of interest is Social Security, a possible research question might ask â€Å"How could low-income families save more money if the United States had a reformed Social Security plan that included personal retirement accounts? † As you develop a research question, keep in mind that you will need to research sources to support your topic. Do not pick a one-sided question that will limit your research. Instead, develop a research question that lends itself to further exploration and debate—a question you genuinely want to know the answer to. Try to pick a research question that is not too broad (covering too much) or too narrow (covering too little). It should be broad enough to be discussed in a short research paper. What is your general topic or area of interest? Recycling What is it about your general topic of interest that interests you? The topic of recycling interests me because there are some cities that so not make recycling a priority and I believe it is important to preserve for future generations. What questions do you have about the topic that you would like to investigate? List them. What is the history of recycling? What is being done in school systems to promote recycling? What are the benefits of recycling? What can be done in cities where recycling is not a priority to make residents recycle? The effects if recycling is not made a priority. What are the financial benefits to a community where recycling is a priority? Would any of the questions you listed about the topic make a good subject for a research paper? Pick or adapt one question and make it into a research question. What are the benefits of recycling? Why do you think this research question is appropriate for a research paper? I think this is an appropriate question for a research paper because there are many benefits with much information of the benefits. How is your research question significant or relevant to a wider community? My research question is relevant to a wider community because it is a worldwide issue in today’s society with much room for improvement. What background information provides the preliminary grounds for your research? I was shocked at how many people I have come to know that do not make it a priority because it is simply easier to toss it away. What are some expert or authoritative sources of information on this research question? The University of Phoenix library What type of materials will you need to review for your research paper? Plenty of articles to support the bases of my paper. What procedures will you follow to conduct your research? I will need to further brain storm and take notes on the articles I will be using for my paper and conpilling several other sources to ensure I have enough material to use. What difficulties do you anticipate in conducting your research? There is plenty of research out there and I need to cut it down to what is most important and relevant to what I am writing. Write a 250- to 300-word paragraph summarizing your reearch plan. Include the following: †¢The topic you have chosen for your final project. †¢What you hope to learn from your research. †¢What aspect of your topic you plan to focus on in your research and writing. This paragraph is just an intro of sorts. Dont begin with The topic I have chosen, or My topic is write in 3rd person (he, she, it, or in general terms) Recycling is a relatively new concept with very few states enforcing this as a law. Although recycling has only been around for about forty years it has come a long way in how it is viewed by many people and states. People across the country have now come to see the long term benefits to recycling and how it will benefit our society by reducing their carbon foot print and how it benefits the environment. While recycling has made big strides there is still much room for improvement with public awareness. There has been a big push in elementary schools recently, children are being taught from a young age, the benefits of long term recycling. There are many states such as California and, Oregon requiring deposits when purchasing drinking beverages to promote recycling by its residents, regardless if the person lives there or not, the deposit must be paid. This is just an example of ways other states are making recycling a priority. By being vigilant and constantly making recycling a priority we can reduce the amount of waste in landfills each year thus eliminating the effects of global warming and the release of methane emitted into the atmosphere and the pollution of the waterways. By committing to recycling not only is there a benefit to the environment but there can be other ways recycling can contribute to a community financially. By implementing an efficient program recycling can yield great profits. Now more than ever it is so important to make recycling a priority. Its imperative that we create a future, for the future generation to enjoy and if not made a priority children of the future will suffer.

Sociological Theories Of Crime And Youth Criminals Criminology Essay

Sociological Theories Of Crime And Youth Criminals Criminology Essay Sociology, along with certain other multidisciplinary focuses, provides a number of reasons for why young people commit crimes. Chief amongst these is a lack of employment, the breakdown of the family, urban decay, social disenchantment, social alienation, drug abuse, and a host of others. For example, it had been proposed that integration be viewed through patterns of role relationships  [1]  however on the other hand it had been argued that new legal powers essentially comprise an extension of punitiveness underpinned by stigmatising and pathologies constructions of working class families.  [2]  In both cases, separated by a number of years, a number of factors are to blame the state, parents, and so on but little if any answers are proposed. Sociology in its broadest forms offers a prescriptive view of the world and this can leave it lacking when tasked with answering questions that arise out of its interests but which its interests cannot qualify. As a 2006 study on you th crime in nova Scotia put it, youth crime is multifaceted. On the one hand, most youth commit crime, and most typically grow out of crime as they age. Longitudinal studies further suggest there are several risk factors that place certain youth at increased risk of offending. At the same time, there are youth with many risk factors who never participate in offending behaviour while there are youth with few risk factors who have established criminal careers.  [3]  It is here that sociology comes unstuck, unable to handle the sheer multi affectedness of youth crime with an academic outlook that seeks to place youth into easily identifiable boxes. It is here That criminology, psychology, psychiatry, and social policy step in to try and make sense of this multiplicity and advise on policies which can both decrease the number of youths committing crimes, whilst encouraging those already in such a position to leave it behind. According to most commentators, growing out of crime is on the increase. Furthermore, a lot of youth crime is to a certain extent, to be expected, quite aside for reasons of social delinquency. The establishment of the new youth justices system was a reaction to this fact. As sociologists noted that certain levels of delinquency were normal, a new policy entered in the UK that sought to treat all crimes as punishable by a formal criminal justice sanction. The effects of this have been to label a young offender as an offender from an early age. On youths, this has a number of effects. The first is to further entrench criminality into the culprit, whilst the other aims to encourage the youth of the pointlessness of crime , providing punishments that equal the crime, but that also aim to dissuade against further criminal acts. Questions also arise about how to differentiate between males and females. Goldson and Muncie  [4]  note that women tend to grow out of crime earlier than boys. Whilst a sociological approach to this seeks to question why this may be, the criminological approach must make do with knowing that after the age of 18, youth offending begins to fall, particularly self-reported offending. As youths mature, they tend to swap certain crimes for others. Thus shoplifting and burglary decrease whilst fraud and workplace theft increase as they enter the labour market. These are questions best answered by the statistician than the sociologist. Theories that rely on concepts of individual pathology are redundant in the light of sociological developments in criminology. In recent years, there has been a wholesale turning away from concepts of individual pathology in sociology, necessitated by advancements in criminology which place a greater social burden on the reasons for crime. Haines draws a contrast between individualised explanations of criminal behaviour and approaches which seek to place crime in its situational and social context.  [5]  However, the positivist view that Darwinian notions of physiognomy may in some way be responsible for defining characteristics of a criminal are by now very outdated. More modern theories of criminality, derived in part from sociological studies, but also from the dismantling of the Darwinian myth of universal positivism, have led researchers to take the view that criminals are made, rather than born. That means that they are socialized in a society that views criminal behaviour as entirely rational and in keeping with the social and cultural norms of that milieu. Whilst exceptions still abound, particul arly in the case of the clinically, ill, this view informs much policy thinking and policies aimed at reducing youth crime. There are of course exceptions to this, but they remain very much the exception. Individual pathology is so closely linked with the notion of pathology that it is too universal, cutting across all classes, as to be specific enough to the rigours of criminological profiling. Criminology in its current incarnation looks at why crime exists in society and in order to do that, it needs to look at the ills of society. Taking their cues from Marx and Engels, the modern idea of criminology seeks to give answers that look at social questions as much as pathological ones. Accordingly, the individual pathology model is a control oriented ideology which serves to locate the causes of problems in specific individuals and which supplies the relevant knowledge and understanding to develop the appropriate technologies and social policies for controlling deviant members. Crimi nological theorizing thereby becomes a means of providingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a means of legitimating current policies which become justified as forms of treatment rather than punishment.  [6]  In this argument, the archaic individual pathology view becomes not only outdated, but also unfairly punitive, prescribing a series of judgments upon a larger, unclassifiable group. It strips the moral imperative from those enlisted to uphold it, and takes an awkwardly narrow view of society as a whole.